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Generally speaking there are 3 types of topsoil available: natural topsoil, skip waste soil, and blended soils.

Natural topsoil is highly variable in quality and availability and ranges from an acidic, nutrient-deficient sand, to a strongly alkaline silt-loam, and also to organic-rich peaty clay. If the characteristics of the topsoil are not suitable for the plants grown in the soil, then the plants may fail to grow, and this can be quite expensive.

Natural topsoil always contains a bank of seeds, including annual and perennial weed seeds; and can often contain rhizomes of persistent weeds and grasses, such as creeping buttercup, and couch grass. This topsoil is derived from former agricultural land, and may contain elevated levels of heavy metals as a result of the repeated application of sewage sludge, etc. This is important if the topsoil is used for sensitive plants such as domestic gardens.

Skip Waste Soils are more common in urban areas and are a result of the materials derived from building and demolition operations, which are then screened. Skip waste soils are a mixture of topsoil, subsoil, clay and include numerous fragments of building waste materials – brick, concrete, mortar, ash, clinker and to a lesser extent asbestos, glass, metal, wood and plastic.

Skip waste soil is usually extremely alkaline with a pH range of 8 – 10, saline, deficient in organic matter and plant nutrients, and can often have elevated levels of zootoxic and phytotoxic contaminants. Although skip waste soil can look like good topsoil, it often results in either failure in the growing of the plants or, stunted growth. In addition to this, the consequences of using skip waste soil include potentially having contaminants present in a garden.

Blended Soils result when two or more components are intimately mixed to form a growing medium. These components can be prime natural topsoils recycled from the food production industry, and also recycled, peat-free, soil conditioner. These soils are blended from raw materials to ensure consistent quality-soil is produced, with no variation in consistency. It’s important to account for the full traceability of all of the components of a blended soil, and to regularly have them tested for PTE’s (Potentially Toxic Elements).

Ideally, landscaping topsoil is organic-rich topsoil, with a Ph ranging from slightly acidic to slightly alkaline, and is a fertile sandy loam, free from contamination with no waste or sharp materials. Ideally this would be available all year round in bags or in bulk.

When buying topsoil, there are some important questions that your topsoil supplier should be able to answer. These include:

What is in the soil?

Is the soil safe?

Where did it come from?

What can it be used for?

Is an analysis certificate available?

Is it free from contamination such as debris and PTEs?

Can I get hold of the same soil year round?

How would it be delivered, in bags or loose?

I bought one pack compost in garden supply but I have a question.Can compost be a soil to plant?What I mean is 100 percent compost in pot no soil at all or a compost is just a booster in vegetable plant and too much compost will kill the plants?.Do compost and soil are alike?

you can order seeds online through out Canada and Europe perfectly legal in those country because does not contain any thc in the seed.

plant and grow and that’s the end of the cartels! 1 seed in your garden will supply you with 1 year of free smoking!

thats it thats all…have fun!
@Silas G… i live in a apartment as-well… my mom supports my choices and and lets me use her garden … i love you mom!

what is the best one stop place to shop for indoor gardening? I need lights,soil,nutrients,tomatto,lettuce, and basil seeds. And growing pots. Lowe’s? Homedepot? Walmart? Other? i am searching specifically for CFL lights due to the low cost and good results i have heard about. If nothing else where would i go to get good 65 to 120 wat 6500k CFL’s?

The bird was attacked by two magpies, i think it is a baby blackbird who was with the mother as it couldn’t fly too well. I only managed to scare the magpie away after it took a bite into the small bird’s head. The bird still appears traumatized and depressed due to the deal and is unable to fly properly due to the injuries.

I called RSPCA around British time 7:00pm after a couple of hours of looking after the bird without breaking the ‘illegal’ law of looking after wildlife creatures so it could be safe. I decided to call RSPCA after knowing the mother was not around for more then two hours. It is now 12:16am and still have not arrived. I called about 5 times, yet they still not came to help this bird.

I know i probably left it too late to call them but they are not easy to reach and i had to keep an eye on the bird to avoid any magpies getting to it. I managed to gently put it in a box with holes punched in it and bunch of soft tissues, supplied water in a small lid. The bird is calm and warm as it is night time… but i am worried it will die when i wake up tomorrow.

What else can i do? Any suggestions for morning as it would not eat today’s afternoon as the mother was nowhere to be found?

I know it is just a bird.. but since afternoon i was protecting it from anymore danger after the attack and will be deeply saddened if it passes away tomorrow.

Thankyou

For writing class i have to put the history barack oboma in my own words i can use any internet source i want as long as it is in my own words i must supply the link of the essay in my own words at the very buttom i have trouble writing in my own word so can you please put this article in your own words and from you example i may learn how to put this history of barack oboma in my own words

The Navy Pier is home to many attractions, some may vary depending on the season. For a comprehensive list, prices and schedules have a look at Navy Pier’s own website: www.navypier.com. Here’s an overview of attractions found at the pier:

- The most eye-catching is the 148 ft Ferris Wheel. It was modeled after the first ferris wheel built for the 1893 World Columbian Exposition.

- Near the Ferris Wheel is a 44ft high musical carousel with 36 hand-painted animals.

- The skyline stage, a 100ft high vaulted roof structure, is used as an ice skating rink during wintertime and as a 1500-seat theater during summer.

- The Navy Pier features two museums: the Children’s museum (www.chichildrensmuseum.org) and the Smith museum of Stained Glass Windows, which opened in 2000.

- A 7 story Shakespeare theater complex with a 525 seat theater is another recent addition to the Navy Pier.

- Other attractions are an 18 hole miniature golf course, a funhouse maze, a 40ft high wave swinger and an IMAX theater.

- The Navy Pier is also a starting point for many boat trips. You have ample choice: You can take a trip on a 148ft high, four-masted schooner or you can hop on one of the 4 seadogs reaching speeds of up to 25 knots (www.seadogcruises.com). Architecture cruises and water taxis (www.shoreline sightseeing.com) are also available. You can also opt to take a romantic dinner cruise and you can even charter ships. One of the boats you can charter is the historic ‘El Presidente’ which was used by US presidents.

- You can also rent some of the pier’s areas, including the English Garden Tent and the Crystal Gardens, a one-acre indoor glass atrium with more than 70 palm trees.

known info:
At night the LED is illuminated, drawing a current of 25 mA
battery supplies 1.2v
runs for 12 hours at night.
take standard air mass to be AM 1.5 1000 W m^2
No information on panel size,
rough estimate: 5 hours good sunlight per day

Would i need to calculate the daily energy requirement of the LED first?

I’ve calculated the power level to drive the LED is 25 mA x 1.2v = 30 mW
so 30mW x 12hours = 360 mWh = 0.36e-3 Wh

behond this I’m not sure!!!

solar panels power output in a day = efficiency (w/m^2) x area (m^2) x duration of sunlight (s) ws ???